The function of circulatory system : transport of respiratory gases, hormone distrubition, heat distrubution, immune defence. Circulatory system has three essential components; a circulating fluid, a vascular system and heart. Lower metazoans lack a body cavity and do not have an internal circulatory system. Coelentrate do not have also an internal circulatory system because their body wall is very thin.
The body cavity of higher pseudocoelomate and coelomate animals contains a coelomic fluid. Some of the coelomate animalssuch as crustaceans, the vascular system is mesodermal tube that partially seperates thee blood from hemocoel.
A heart may be present to propel hemolymph through the vessels. In other some coelomate animals, the ceolom completely seperated from coelom. The closed circulatory system have a complete system of vessels and the blood is completely seperate and has a ddifferent composition from the interstitial fluid.
circulatory system
Histology, The Science of Cells
The cell is the fundamental living unit in all life forms and the perfect example of nature’s genius operating at the microscopic level. From the first time when Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells under a microscope, the study of histology has come a long way. Histology is basically study of living cells and tissues under a microscope. As the science progressed, it was discovered that organisms such as Viruses which were much smaller than the most microscopic of bacteria were connected to the most gigantic of life forms by the same units known as cells.
Histology has helped identify differences invisible to the naked eye between animal and plant cells. The identification of a cell wall in plant cells which was absent in the latter has helped science delve into the fascinating regulatory mechanisms of plants. It has helped identify the causative agents of several dreaded illnesses and helped identify cures and immunization against many of them. It has helped understand and eventually, manipulate the life cycles of several microorganisms and plants leading to an industrial revolution of sorts that can boast of achievements ranging from cheese to Biofuel.
One of the biggest achievements of Histopathology has been in the field of medicine. From the use of humble stains to make cells visible to electron microscopy, the science of Histology has paved way for the detection and eradication several medical conditions. The latest diagnostic techniques and markers are being developed each day in a bid to improve the detection of conditions such as Cancer, Neonatal diseases, Genetic disorders. This is first step towards unlocking their cures in the future. Histology also forms an integral part of research aimed at plant and animal tissue culture. The science of Histology is our window to a fascinating world otherwise invisible to us.
Histology Pdf files
You need some .pdf files about basic histology. If you need to study and learn more about histology just check these .pdf online documents:
www.oucom.ohio.edu
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375821/pdf/joa0211-0412.pdf
Histology - Fisher Scientific - Welcome
histology brochure
Histology
For more Pdf files click here
Digital pathology solutions
Species-dependent methods:
Plant pathology (phytopathology)
Veterinary pathology (animal health, experimental models, toxicology)
Human pathology (screening, clinical pathology, clinical research)
Specimen-dependent methods: Spatial information
Cytology (isolated cells: cytospins, smears or cultures from body fluids)
Fine-needle aspirates
Histology (tissue sections: fixed, paraffin-embedded or frozen tissue biopsies)
Staining-dependent methods: Specificity
Routine stain (nucleus and cytoplasm by Hematoxylin and Eosin) No to Low
Special stains (cell components by chemical reactions with dyes)
Immunochemistry (antigens by chromogenic or fluorogenic IHC and ICC)
In situ hybridization (DNA and RNA by FISH, CISH, SISH etc)
Imaging-dependent methods: Automation
Manual microscopy and digital image acquisition
Microscopy with motorized stage and digital image sampling
Microscopy with slide loader and digital image sampling
Whole slide scanning
visualhistology.com
visualhistology.com site information and contact info.:
Contact Visual Histology
Dave Moran
CEO
(303) 485-9110
Carter Rowley
President & COO
(303) 485-9110
Datch Baudisch
Director of Sales and Development
(720) 289-1183
Chuck Wilson
Engineering Director
(505) 577-4458
VisualHistology.com
P.O. Box 1142
Niwot, CO 80544
Histology of Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory Sys.
Histology of the Tooth; Histology of the Small Intestine; Liver hepatocytes; Pancreatic Islets; Trachea; Pseuodstratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells; Alveoli; Renal Tubules; Cardiac Muscle Tissue; Cross-section through an Artery & a Vein; Hematology; Neutrophil; Lymphocyte; Monocyte
source
Histology Quiz
Are you looking for Histology Quiz online ? More quiz and tests about Histology learning . : Please check this site for online easy and practice histology quizzes : www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/histoprc/prac1q.htm
Histology topics
Part 1: Epithelium and Simple Glands
Part 2: Stains, Cells, and Ultrastructure (EM)
Part 3: Connective Tissue Proper
Part 4: Connective Tissue Cells
Part 5: Blood and Capillaries
Part 6: Neural Tissue
Part 7: Muscle
Part 8: Cardiovascular System
Part 9: Specialized Connective Tissue - Cartilage and Bone
Part 10: Endochondral Ossification
Part 11: Bone Marrow and Hemopoiesis
Part 12: Lymphoid Tissues and Organs
Part 13: Skin (Integument) and Tongue
Part 14: Endocrine Glands
Part 15: Respiratory Tract
Part 16: Urinary Tract - Kidney
Part 17: Gastrointestinal Tract
Part 18: Gastrointestinal Mucosa and Cells
Part 19: Major Digestive Glands - Liver, Salivaries, and Pancreas
Part 20: Male Reproductive Tract
Part 21: Female Reproductive Tract - Ovary, Oviduct, and Uterus
Part 22: Female Reproductive Tract - Cervix, Vagina, Umbilical Cord, Placenta, and Mammary Gland
Histology Dyes
In the science of Histology, there are really some powerful dyes. Dyes are used for the identification of cells and tissues. So some dyes of histology below :
Tartrazine: This histology stain will stain cytoplasm, cartilage, and red blood cells yellow
Orcien Stain: A histology stain used for elastin fibers.
Masson Trichome: A trichrome histology stain is a mixture of three dyes. This histology stain can be helpful for differentiating cellular from extracellular items.
Golgi Stain: This histology stain for neurons
Giemsa Stain: this histology stain for peripheral blood smears and bone marrow and used to visualize parasites.
Cajal Stain: This histology stain is used on nervous tissue
Histology Topics and subjects
Peripheral Blood Cells
Tissues, Layers, and Organs
Epithelial Tissue, Surface Specializations, and Glands
Connective Tissue
Cartilage and Bone and Bone Histogenesis
Bone Marrow and Hemopoiesis
Nervous Tissue and Neuromuscular Junction
Muscle Tissue
Integument
Circulatory System
Lymphoid Tissues and Organs
Urinary System
Digestive System: Oral Cavity and Teeth
Digestive System: Alimentary Canal
Liver, Gall Bladder, and Pancreas
Endocrine System
Respiratory System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System (including Organs of Pregnancy)
Eye
Ultrastructure of the Cell (Electron Micrographs)
Histology power point slides and lectures
There are really good and very usefull histology lectures , notes and lectures about Histology. Histology subjects and ppt. power point presentation slides available below links:
The Cell histology
Histotechniques Lecture Notes histology
Epithelium histology
Loose Connective Tissues histology
Blood and Blood Vessels histology
Lymphatic System histology
Bone histology
Dense Connective Tissue and Cartilage histology
Muscle histology
Nervous System histology,
Sensory Systems histology
Integument histology
Digestive System I histology
Digestive System II histology
Respiratory System histology
Urinary System histology
Female Reproductive System histology
Male Reproductive System histology
Endocrine System histology
brain histology
l Nerve cells/neurons
Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal cells,
Microglia Special glial cells - (CNS)
2 Glial cells|
Schwann cells, Satellite/Capsule cells,
Enteric (gut) glia - (PNS)
3 Blood vessels
4 Connective tissue enclosing sheaths
ELEMENTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURONS : Pseudounipolar:one process branching into two a short way from the cell soma, e.g., dorsal-root ganglion cell
Bipolar cells processes come off from opposite poles of the cell, and the cell then assumes a spindle shape
Multipolar cells :
stellate or star-like, pyramidal with apical and basal dendrites, Purkinje with a plump body tapering to an espalier-oriented dendritic tree
NEURONS
Neuron , Axis-cylinder process = Axon
Protoplasmic processes = Dendrites
Body of the nerve cell = Soma
Nerve Cell
Neuron
Neuron
Body of the nerve cell = Soma
Soma contains a large central nucleus with little chromatin. The nucleolus is prominent because the neuron has to synthesize organelles and cytoplasm to fill its long processes
Around the nucleus is the perikaryon with:
(a) Nissl bodies/granules - basophilic, cytoplasmic structures are concentrations of granular ER.
(b) Neurofilaments - a variety of intermediate filament - are aggregated into neurofibrils visible in the cytoplasm after silver impregnations.
(c) Surrounding the nucleus are elements of the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and microtubules. Actin filaments move vesicles in the zone directly under the neuron's plasmalemma.
(d) Pigment is sometimes present, e.g., melanin in substantia nigra neurons, and lipofuscin in old neurons.
(e) Cell membrane has specialized receptive areas, the subsynaptic membranes of synapses.
Synapses
A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron:
To another neuron
To an effector cell
Presynaptic neuron – conducts impulses toward the synapse
Postsynaptic neuron – transmits impulses away from the synapse
Cell to Cell Conduction: the Synapse
Cell to Cell Conduction: the Synapse
Electrical synapses: gap junctions
Very fast conduction
Example: cardiac muscle
Chemical synapses
Pre synaptic terminal
Synthesis of Neurotransmitters (L-glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and glycine OR "minor" transmitters such as cholecystokinin, endogenous opioids, somatostatin, substance P …)
Ca2+ releases Neurotransmitters
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic cell: Neurotransmitter receptors
Astrocytes :Protoplasmic astrocytes: large, star-shaped with many processes, some of which attach pedicels to blood vessels or the basal lamina under the pia mater; have cytoplasmic filaments and microtubules; are common in grey matter.
Fibrous astrocytes: similar to protoplasmic astrocytes, but have more filaments and glycogen, and lie in the white matter
Astrocytes
Fibrous Astrocytes (Objective 40x)
Astrocytes in BBB
Astrocytes:
Provide physical support to neurons
Clean up carcasses of dead neurons
Provide controlling chemicals to neurons
Play important role in providing nourishment to neurons
Oligodendrocytes
= oligodendroglia: plump cell body with fairly dense cytoplasm and a darker nucleus and fewer, shorter processes than an astrocyte; common in white matter, but some are perineuronal Provide physical support to neurons Produce myelin sheath that insulates axons
Microglia
(a) derived from mesenchyme via bone marrow;
(b) potentially phagocytic;
(c) dispersed throughout the brain;
(d) a small elongated cell with many short processes and a dark nucleus.This is the ramified or resting microglial cell, which becomes round and phagocytic as a reactive microglial cell (Gitter cell), when responding to damage
Clean up CNS debris
Play role of immune system in brain
(similar to microphages in blood)
Functions: Ependymal cells lining ventricles, and covering the choroid plexus, they are typically cuboidal and often have cilia
Ependymal cells : Form a relatively permeable barrier between CSF and the tissue fluid that surrounds the cells of the CNS. In certain region of the brain ependymal cells possess cilia, the beating of which help to circulate the CSF. Modified ependymal cells contribute to the formation of the choroids plexus which is a capillary knot that protrudes into a brain ventricle, and is involved in the synthesis of cerebrospinal fluid.
Cerebral neocortex :
The number of layers to be clearly seen depends on the particular area of the cerebral cortex and the criteria of the investigator. Thus Cajal worked with an 8-layered scheme, whereas Brodmann adopted 6 - today's choice. Even so, in the motor region only 5 are to be easily made out.
Cerebral Cortex
I: plexiform (molecular): dendrites and axons of cortical neurons making synapses; neuroglia and rare horizontal cells
II: outer granular: dense population small pyramidal cells and stellate cells [small neurons]; various axons and dendritec connections
III: (outer) pyramidal cell: moderate size; increasing size deeper
IV: inner granular: densely packed stellate cells
V: ganglionic or inner pyramidal: lg pyramidal cells (including Betz cells) and smaller numbers of stellate cells and small neurons
VI: multiform (fusiform) cell: numerous small neurons, small pyramidal cells, stellate cells, especially superficially and fusiform cells in deeper part.
Cerebral Cortex
I: plexiform
II: outer granular
III: (outer) pyramidal cell
IV: inner granular
V: ganglionic or inner pyramidal
VI: multiform (fusiform) cell
Epithelium
Epithelium
Types of epytheliums
The epithelia are tissues made from cells closely juxtaposed, without the interposition of fiber or ground substance (which distinguishes them from connective tissue). The cells are linked to each other through intercellular junctions. They are not vascularisés with the exception of vascular streaks (cochlea, the production of endolymph). The input of nutrients and export of waste is done in conjunction with connective tissue underlying through a basement membrane, which rests epithelium (if a fabric has joined cells but not basal, this is not an epithelium, such épendymocytes). In this type of tissue, cells are often polarized (the two opposite ends are different morphologically and biochemically), although there are some epithelia where this polarity is difficult to distinguish (liver tissue). There are the apical region of the cell and basal region which is attached to the basal lamina.
They meet two physiological functions not exclusive of each other: function coating and glandular function.
The presence of specific intermediate filament Cytokeratin allows their identification by immunohistochemical methods.
histology topics
Quick study
For some operations still requires the surgeon during the operation on the information collected tissue for its further approach. In this case, a part of the sample in about 10 minutes as a quick cut processed.
Stabilization tissue by freezing (about -20 ° C), depending on fabric
Production of a 5-10 micron thick cut on cryostat
Pulling of the cut on a coated glass slides
DB-fast staining, Paragon staining or other quick-staining
Findings
histology and technic
Before a pathologist / biologist the fine details of a patient sample / evaluate an experiment may be the tissue processing a detailed assessment. These methods can take as Histotechnik together and are largely from laboratory histological biomedical analysts or (V) by MTA.
The tissue processing laboratory in histodiagnostischen includes the following terms:
Fixation to stabilize the tissue (Hauptfixans: 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde solution)
macroscopic examination of meaningful cut tissue districts. In the pathology and medical activities pertaining to the diagnostic process.
Drainage and impregnation of the fabric with liquid paraffin
Einblocken of the tissue in paraffin wax, paraffin cuboid is produced, which includes the tissue.
In modern Histologielaboren the Gewebsstückchen in so-called "Einbettkassetten" laid.
In these tissue sample through the drainage and Einparaffinierung. Then the cassette serves as a base block and can thus in the so-called quick-release frame, with the most modern microtomes are, to be fixed.
Manufacture of 2-5 microns thick slices on microtomes
Pulling on the cuts (coated) glass slides
Histologic staining
The processing of tissue FFPE (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue), including the Hämatoxylin-eosin staining, the world-wide routine method of Pathology and lasts an average of one to two days from adoption of the samples to the findings. In contrast to the clinical laboratory, many chemical steps carried out by hand. Especially the production cut at microtomes requires great skill.
histology online
Histology
The histology (of Historic gr "tissue" and logos "lesson") is the science of biological tissues, and thus part of medicine and biology, specifically anatomy and pathology.
The histological / pathologist examined tissue samples. These are micrometer thin, colored Gewebsschnitte produced and judged at the microscope. They speak of morphological diagnosis, because the basis of appearance and behavior of färberischen tissue structures of the findings will be created. Probengut to work at the histological preparations include surgery (eg, stomach, intestine, kidney), Probeexzisionen (eg birthmark, tendons, cysts) and biopsies (eg stomach - colon, breast tissue biopsies). With the help of modern technology are already on tiny pieces of tissue (1-2 mm) Histological diagnoses create. These methods are mikroinvasiven for patient care and are often performed at screening.
Transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelium in basic histology blog - Also called uroepithelium. Stratified epithelial tissue with unique dome-shaped surface cells giving it a cobblestoned appearance. Found exclusively in the urinary system (lining of bladder and ureter). They serve as a barrier preventing the exposure of underlying tissues to urine. They are also able to stretch in response to bladder filling. Basic histology
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is composes. Epithelial tissue which is only one cell thick is known as simple epithelium. If it is two or more cells thick such as the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium.
What is Histology -2-
The plasma membranes of adjacent epithelial cells frequently contain transmembrane proteins called junctional complexes (also called intercellular junctions) that link cells together. Several types of junctional complexes exist:
Anchoring junctions (desmosomes, adherens junctions, hemidesmosomes) - Proteins embedded in, and spanning, the plasma membranes of adjacent cells allowing epithelia to adhere to one another forming structural units of cells - i.e., allowing individual cells to function as a solid sheet rather than as isolated cells. Fibers attached to anchoring junctions within cells help them to resist stretching forces. This is particularly important in those areas of the body that are subject to mechanical stresses (e.g., epidermis of the skin).
Tight junctions - These are junctional complexes that serve as barriers to the free diffusion of molecules across epithelial surfaces. By fusing the plasma membranes on their lateral surfaces, tight junctions prevent molecules from moving between the cells. This means that any substance absorbed across a layer of epithelial cells has to pass through the cells - not around them. This provides a mechanism by which epithelial tissue can control absorption (selective permeability), and keep tissue compartments with different chemical compositions separate from one another.
Gap junctions - These junctional complexes contain channels which permit ion flow and the passage of small molecules between contiguous cells. Cells with gap junctions are able to communicate and coordinate their activity.
Histology Definition
Epithelial tissues are physically separated from underlying connective tissues by a basement membrane (also called the basal lamina). The portion of an epithelial cell attached to the basement membrane is called its basal surface. The opposite side - facing the external environment, or lumen of a body cavity, is its apical surface. Basement membranes are composed of a special type of collagen and a substance called laminin (see below). The basement membrane helps epithelial cells orient themselves in relation to other tissues. After epithelial injury (e.g., an abrasion), the basement membrane serves as a scaffolding upon which new cells attach themselves during healing.